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2026/08/15

乾隆宸翰何真假 How Genuine Is Qianlong’s Imperial Calligraphy?

 


乾隆宸翰何真假

衣若芬

 

走进博物馆,看见一幅古画,上面题着诗,旁边钤满大大小小的印章。许多人第一时间会问:这是不是乾隆皇帝亲笔?

这个问题看似简单,却未必容易回答。

前些时候在台北故宫看展览,面对一件传为乾隆御题的书画作品,我忽然想到:如果今天有人工智能能够百分之百模仿乾隆的笔迹,我们还能一眼分辨真假吗?而如果不能,那么我们究竟在寻找什么样的

乾隆皇帝是中国历史上留下题跋最多的皇帝。有人开玩笑,说他是盖章狂魔,或者是弹幕达人。然而,关于乾隆题字的真假问题,却一直存在。

故宫收藏中,有些作品上的御题被认为出自乾隆亲笔;有些则可能由宫廷朝臣代笔。对于书法鉴定家来说,这当然是重要课题。用笔提顿习惯是否一致?线条是否自然?结体章法是否符合乾隆书风?这些都成为判断的依据。

可是,当我站在展柜前凝视那些文字时,却觉得问题似乎不止于此。

即使某一段题字不是乾隆亲手所写,它是否就因此失去价值?

在现代人的观念里,作品往往与作者紧密绑定。我们推崇原创,重视亲笔,相信独一无二的创作主体。因此,一旦发现作品出自代笔,便容易产生失落感。然而,在传统中国宫廷文化中,事情未必如此。

一件御题作品的形成,往往涉及复杂的生产过程。构思诗文、书写题跋、装裱制作、内府收藏……最终呈现在我们面前的,并不是单一个人的劳动成就,而是一整套宫廷机制共同运作的结果。

换言之,所谓乾隆宸翰,有时候代表的不只是乾隆的手笔,而是乾隆的意志。从这个角度来看,真假便出现了新的层次。

真,不只是笔迹的真。

真,也是制度的真、时代的真、文化语境的真。

我们以为自己在观看文物,其实也在观看一套关于文物的叙事。

从文图学的角度来看,这一点尤其明显。

一件书画作品从来不是单纯的图像。画面、题跋、印章、装裱、收藏记录、展览说明,共同构成一个可供阅读的文本系统。观众所理解的真迹,往往不是来自某一个笔画,而是来自这一整套文图关系。

因此,当我们讨论乾隆宸翰真假时,实际上讨论的已经不只是书法鉴定,而是关于真实性的文化想像。

有趣的是,这个问题在人工智能时代显得格外尖锐。

今天的生成式人工智能能够模仿画风、模仿文体,甚至模仿历史人物的书法。如果输入足够多的乾隆书迹样本,也许未来真的能够生成一幅几可乱真的乾隆御笔

到那时,真假又该如何界定?

如果一首诗是人工智能根据《御制诗集》学习后写出的;一幅字是根据乾隆书风生成的,那么它究竟是假作,还是另一种形式的再创造?

这个问题听起来很现代,却意外地又让我想到清代宫廷。

因为所谓原创作者的观念,本来就是近代以来逐渐形成的。乾隆时代的大量文化生产,早已建立在人与人协作的机制之上。今天的人机协作创作,不过是在新的技术条件下重新提出相似的问题。

于是,我忽然觉得自己寻找的答案已经改变了。

我不再急着判断那几个字是不是乾隆亲手所写。我更感兴趣的是:为什么我们如此在意它是否亲笔?

也许,真正值得思考的,不是乾隆宸翰究竟是真是假,而是我们如何定义真实。真实可以是一段笔墨留下的痕迹,也可以是一种时代精神的延续;可以是一位作者的亲手书写,也可以是一套文化机制的共同创造。

当人工智能不断挑战原创与作者的边界时,乾隆留下的那些题诗与印章,仿佛从历史深处发出回响——它提醒我们,真实性从来不是单纯的技术判断,而是一种文化选择。

因此,乾隆宸翰何真假?

或许答案并不在光学分析仪器下,也不在专家鉴定报告里。

答案更可能藏在我们观看它的目光之中。因为每一个时代,都在重新定义什么是真,什么是假;而每一次定义,也都映照着那个时代对于历史、作者与自我的理解。

2026815日,新加坡《联合早报》“上善若水”专栏


How Genuine Is Qianlong’s Imperial Calligraphy?
I Lo-fen

Walk into a museum and encounter an old painting inscribed with a poem and covered with seals of all sizes. Many people’s first question is: Was this really written by the Qianlong Emperor himself?

The question sounds simple, but it is not necessarily easy to answer.

Some time ago, while visiting an exhibition at the National Palace Museum in Taipei, I stood before a painting and calligraphy work said to bear an imperial inscription by Qianlong. A thought suddenly occurred to me: if artificial intelligence today could reproduce Qianlong’s handwriting with one hundred percent accuracy, would we still be able to distinguish the genuine from the fake at a glance? And if not, what kind of “authenticity” are we actually looking for?

The Qianlong Emperor left more inscriptions and colophons than any other emperor in Chinese history. People sometimes joke that he was a “seal-stamping fanatic” or a master of “bullet comments.” Yet questions about the authenticity of Qianlong’s inscriptions have persisted for a long time.

Among works in palace museum collections, some imperial inscriptions are considered to have been written by Qianlong himself, while others may have been executed on his behalf by court officials. For connoisseurs of calligraphy, this is naturally an important issue. Are the habits of brush pressure, lifting, and turning consistent? Are the lines natural? Do the structure of individual characters and the overall composition conform to Qianlong’s calligraphic style? All of these become criteria for judgement.

Yet as I stood before the display case and gazed at those words, I felt that the question went beyond this.

Even if a particular inscription was not written by Qianlong’s own hand, does it therefore lose its value?

In the modern understanding of art, a work is often closely bound to its author. We prize originality, value autograph works, and believe in the uniqueness of the creative individual. Once we discover that a work was written by someone else on the purported author’s behalf, disappointment easily follows. Yet things were not necessarily understood in this way within the culture of the traditional Chinese court.

The making of an imperially inscribed work often involved a complex process: composing the poem or text, writing the inscription, mounting and producing the finished object, and incorporating it into the imperial collection. What finally appears before us is therefore not the achievement of a single individual, but the result of an entire court system working together.

In other words, “Qianlong’s imperial calligraphy” sometimes represents not only Qianlong’s hand, but Qianlong’s will. Seen from this perspective, the distinction between genuine and fake acquires new layers.

Authenticity is not only the authenticity of handwriting.

It is also the authenticity of an institution, an era, and a cultural context.

We think we are looking at an artefact, but in fact we are also looking at a narrative constructed around that artefact.

From the perspective of Text and Image Studies, this becomes especially evident.

A work of painting and calligraphy is never simply an image. The painting, inscriptions, seals, mounting, collection records, and exhibition labels together form a textual system that can be read. What viewers understand as an “authentic work” often derives not from a single brushstroke, but from this entire network of relationships between text and image.

Thus, when we discuss whether Qianlong’s imperial calligraphy is genuine or fake, we are in fact discussing more than the authentication of calligraphy. We are discussing a cultural imagination of authenticity.

What makes the question especially interesting is that it becomes particularly acute in the age of artificial intelligence.

Today, generative artificial intelligence can imitate painting styles, literary styles, and even the calligraphy of historical figures. If supplied with enough samples of Qianlong’s handwriting, perhaps one day it really will be able to generate a “Qianlong imperial inscription” almost indistinguishable from the real thing.

How, then, should we define what is genuine and what is fake?

If a poem is written by artificial intelligence after learning from the Imperially Composed Poems, and a piece of calligraphy is generated according to Qianlong’s style, is it a forgery, or another form of re-creation?

The question sounds thoroughly modern, yet it unexpectedly brings me back to the Qing imperial court.

The very idea of the “original author,” after all, took shape gradually in the modern era. Much of the cultural production of Qianlong’s time was already based on mechanisms of human collaboration. Today’s human–AI collaborative creation merely raises similar questions again under new technological conditions.

At that moment, I realised that the answer I had been seeking had changed.

I was no longer in a hurry to determine whether those characters had been written by Qianlong’s own hand. What interested me more was this: why do we care so deeply whether they were?

Perhaps what truly deserves our attention is not whether Qianlong’s imperial calligraphy is ultimately genuine or fake, but how we define “authenticity.” Authenticity may be the trace left by brush and ink; it may also be the continuation of the spirit of an age. It may be writing executed by the author’s own hand; it may also be something collectively created by an entire cultural system.

As artificial intelligence continues to challenge the boundaries of originality and authorship, the poems and seals left by Qianlong seem to echo from deep within history. They remind us that authenticity has never been merely a technical judgement, but a cultural choice.

So, how genuine is Qianlong’s imperial calligraphy?

Perhaps the answer does not lie beneath an optical analyser, nor in an expert authentication report.

More likely, it is hidden in the way we look at it. Every age redefines what is true and what is false; and every such definition reflects that age’s understanding of history, authorship, and itself.

15 August 2026, “Shang Shan Ruo Shui” column, Lianhe Zaobao, Singapore.

 

2025/08/30

我们还要读大学吗? Do We Still Need to Go to College?

 


我们还要读大学吗? Do We Still Need to Go to College?

 

衣若芬

你适合读大学吗?大学毕业还需要为了学历继续考研,读硕士、博士吗?

比起孔子的十有五而志于学,这是较为合乎当代现状,舒缓困境的建议,一个35年大学老师的经验总结。

这篇文章写给迷惘中的你,欢迎各级老师们参考指教。

***

 

 

在新加坡宽敞舒适的电影院,观赏自己中学时畅销小说改编的台湾电影修复旧片以后,全球首映,是一种怎样的心情?

已经知道新加坡电影协会主席陈继贤先生14岁时被《拒绝联考的小子》启发,不但连看了43遍,还影响一生的兴趣志业。所以亲自到新加坡出席首映场的徐进良导演动情地说:“世界的电影奖项都忘了,最重要的不是男女主角,最重要的是最佳观众!”

是的,观众,读者,我们何其有幸,能在浩瀚烟海中巧遇那提点方向的光亮!

在录取率只有30%左右的1970-1980年代,台湾的高中生如果没考上大学,还不如初中毕业就报读职业学校,习得一技之长。吴祥辉,台北市顶尖学校的高材生,毅然挑战社会的集体价值观,坚决贯彻个人不依赖学位文凭的行为,比他晚生10年的我,不仅佩服他放弃参加大学入学考试的勇气,还有他开阔的思维,走上自我掌控的道路。

老师们都担心连锁效应,要我们持续关注吴祥辉的发展。想一想,如果你也学他不考大学,会有怎样的“下场”?记得那时他从事电影工作,我有一些些羡慕,我从小写作,觉得写作人除了文字,最好还能擅长图像创意,尤其是蓬勃的影视产业。

1983729日,台湾的报纸夹页刊登了录取大学新生的榜单,我的名字在第一页台湾大学中文系。苦读一个月侥幸挤进梦寐以求的窄门,在42年以后,台湾的大学甄选入学分发率超过50%,加上考试入学的管道,大学生已经在同年龄层人口中不再是稀罕的佼佼者。于是出现了“学历贬值”的说法。

维珍集团的大亨理查·布兰森(Richard Branson)没读过大学;史蒂夫·乔布斯(Steve Jobs)、比尔·盖茨(Bill Gates)等人也都中途辍学;再加上近年来AI界“英雄出少年”的杰出代表,比如设计协作平台,深度集成AI设计工具Figma的创办人Dylan Field,布朗大学休学;AI训练数据处理平台Scale AI 创办人兼 CEO Alexandr Wang(汪滔),麻省理工学院休学, 似乎有点想法和才能的人,不必在大学浪费时间和金钱了!

何况,懂得使用AIGC(人工智能生成)工具的话,编程、文案、画图、演唱,乃至于动画影片都可以无师自通,上手比大学老师还快速顺畅。所谓的“一人公司”的创业风潮正在兴起,与其等毕业以后被选入职场社会,何不直接冲进战场,打下江山?

我曾经参考马云对于生涯规划的看法,归纳出我的阶段式成长建议:

在幼儿园时期,重点在培养热爱学习的习惯,阅读、动手操作,回应好奇心。

小学时期,重点在教育健全人格,认识我是谁,肯定自己存在的意义。

中学时期,重点在认识社会规范,区分我和他人的行为边界,涵括法律常识。

初级学院/高中时期,重点在明瞭和掌握、扩充自己的兴趣和能力,画出未来安生立命的基本蓝图。

如果就读理工学院,就要针对职场需求,训练专业技能。并非每个人都必须读大学,能够具备职业技能,而且时间和金钱都比较拮据的人,调整心态,适应环境,希望从工作中获得满足。即使不读大学,也要像儿童一样保持热爱学习的习惯,终身不休。

至于大学,应该从课程中建立系统知识结构、负责任的观念,独力或协作解决问题的方法。也就是说,除了专业技术,还要有支撑技术,可复制、迁移、迭代、优化的框架、模型、原则、理论。

假使还想深造,追求更高教育,硕士研究生是对现有/大学时形塑的知识体系加以深化、重整、巩固,思考未来的可行性。

继续拓展对世界的认知,从个案到宏观的视野,进而发现或发明思想,建构被认同的学术论述,就要攻读博士了。

那些没有读大学,没有完成学业的成功人士很了不起,但是其中是否隐含“幸存者偏差”呢?大学文凭只是进入某个圈层的入场券,有的人扫二维码;有的人—扫脸。

 

2025830,新加坡《联合早报》“上善若水”专栏


Do We Still Need to Go to College?
I Lo-fen

Are You Suited for College?

Do you still need to pursue a master’s or doctoral degree after graduating from university, just for the sake of obtaining higher qualifications?

Compared with Confucius’ saying “At fifteen, I set my heart upon learning,” this is advice that better fits today’s reality and helps ease present dilemmas—an experience-based reflection from a university teacher of 35 years.

This article is written for you, who may be feeling lost, and I also welcome teachers at all levels to read, reflect, and offer your guidance.

***

What kind of feeling is it to sit in a spacious, comfortable cinema in Singapore, watching the restored version of a Taiwanese film adapted from a bestselling novel of my secondary school days, now having its world premiere?

I had already learned that Mr. Tan Gee Hian, President of the Singapore Film Society, was so inspired at age 14 by The Fellow Who Rejected College that he watched it 43 times, and it went on to shape his lifelong passions and career. Thus, when director Hsu Chin-liang attended the premiere in Singapore in person, he was deeply moved and said: “Forget all the world’s film awards. The most important is not Best Actor or Best Actress—it’s Best Audience!”

Indeed, the audience, the readers—we are so fortunate to encounter, amid the vast ocean of existence, that glimmer of light which points us in the right direction.

In Taiwan of the 1970s and 1980s, when the university admission rate hovered around 30%, high school students who failed to enter university would have been better off enrolling straight into vocational schools after junior high, in order to master a trade. Wu Hsiang-hui, a top student from one of Taipei’s elite schools, boldly challenged the collective values of society, resolutely acting out a life not dependent on degrees or diplomas. As someone ten years younger, I not only admired his courage in giving up the college entrance exam, but also his broad-mindedness in walking a path of self-mastery.

Teachers, worried about a chain reaction, urged us to keep following Wu’s development. Just imagine—if you, too, refused to go to college, what “fate” would await you? I recall that he entered the film industry then, which I somewhat envied. Since childhood, I had been writing, and I felt that writers, apart from words, ought also to excel in visual creativity—especially in the flourishing film and television industry.

On July 29, 1983, Taiwan’s newspapers carried the list of new university entrants. My name appeared on the very first page, under National Taiwan University’s Department of Chinese. After a month of grueling study, I had squeezed through the narrow gate of my dreams. Forty-two years later, however, Taiwan’s university admission rate through recommendation and selection has already exceeded 50%, and with exam-based admissions as well, university students are no longer rare elites among their peers. Thus arose the saying: “academic degrees are devalued.”

Richard Branson, tycoon of Virgin Group, never went to college; Steve Jobs and Bill Gates both dropped out; in recent years, the AI world has produced brilliant young heroes—such as Dylan Field, founder of design collaboration platform Figma with its deeply integrated AI design tools, who dropped out of Brown University; and Alexandr Wang, founder and CEO of AI training data platform Scale AI, who left MIT. It would seem that if you have ideas and talent, there is no need to waste time and money in college!

Moreover, with skill in using AIGC (AI-generated content) tools, one can teach oneself to code, write copy, draw, sing, and even make animated films—often faster and more smoothly than university professors. The trend of “one-person companies” is rising. Instead of waiting until graduation to be chosen by society, why not rush straight onto the battlefield and carve out your own kingdom?

I once reflected on Jack Ma’s views about career planning and summarized them into my own stage-based growth advice:

· Kindergarten years: cultivate a love for learning—reading, hands-on exploration, satisfying curiosity.

· Primary school years: develop sound character—know who I am, affirm the meaning of my existence.

· Secondary school years: understand social norms—draw boundaries between my behavior and others’, including basic legal awareness.

· Junior college / high school years: clarify, expand, and strengthen my interests and abilities—sketch the blueprint for future livelihood.

· Polytechnic years: train professional skills tailored to workplace needs.

Not everyone must go to university. Those with vocational skills, or with limited time and financial resources, can adjust their mindset, adapt to their environment, and seek fulfillment through work. Even if you do not attend college, you should keep, like a child, the habit of loving learning—lifelong, without pause.

As for university, its purpose should be to build a systematic knowledge structure, a sense of responsibility, and methods to solve problems independently or collaboratively. In other words, beyond specialized skills, one must have the supporting frameworks—replicable, transferable, iterative, optimizable models, principles, and theories. If one wishes to pursue further education, a master’s degree deepens, reorganizes, and consolidates the knowledge system formed in college, while thinking about future feasibility. A doctoral degree, then, is to expand understanding of the world, from case studies to a macro vision, to discover or invent ideas, and to construct academically recognized discourse.

Those successful individuals who never attended or finished college are remarkable—but does this not conceal a kind of “survivorship bias”? A university diploma is merely a ticket into a certain circle. Some scan QR codes; some—scan their faces.

August 30, 2025, Singapore Lianhe Zaobao, “Shang Shan Ruo Shui” column

 

2025/06/10

文人Style Literati Style

 


乍看之下,画面里的两只猫是不是很像?

这一对被称为“孪生猫”其实距离相当遥远!左边的猫出自明代画家沈周(1427-1509)画于1494年的《写生册》,现藏台北故宫博物院;右边则是时代相近,Tabriz画派风格的剪贴画,现藏土耳其伊斯坦布尔的托普卡帕宫(Topkapi Palace)博物馆。

以前在李霖灿先生的《艺术欣赏与人生》书里读到同心圆似的两只猫,只猜想是中国和伊斯兰艺术的偶然巧合。近日听石守谦老师演讲,再读王静灵博士的研究,原来,这是伊斯兰绘画仿效了15世纪中国木刻版画的造型。

5月2日完成了三场博士生研究进展报告会议,匆匆赶去台湾大学听石老师演讲《文人style?追寻文人艺术的当代意义》。

1990年代,台大艺术史研究所还没有成立博士班,我在中文研究所就读,恳请石老师和中文系的曾永义老师双指导,写作博士论文《苏轼题画文学研究》,于是我有幸成为石老师的“开山弟子”—第一位博士生。后来两位老师都荣膺中央研究院院士,我写了《我的博导是院士》的文章志庆(收于我的书《北纬一度新加坡》)。

跟随石老师学习,“文人画”是大宗,六朝以降的山水画传统、宋元开启画法与书写笔法相通的工具技术,乃至于明代苏州为核心的吴门职业画家,无一不是秉持文人画的精神。到了当代,文人艺术还存在吗?还有意义吗?我怀想着35年前在这个校园的点滴回忆,献上新书《艺游狮城:翻看新加坡美术手账》。

老师笑着说:“你两三个月就出版一本书啊!”

“每次见老师,总是该交出一点成绩嘛!”我说。不愧师门,更不忘师训。

荧幕上并列1922年陈师曾(1876-1923)《中国文人画之研究》书影和台湾雕刻家黄土水(1895-1930)1921年《甘露水》大理石女性裸体像,立刻令我“惊艳”!我知道石老师开讲,格局自是不凡!抛开以往从苏轼提出“士人画”(文人画)、“诗中有画,画中有诗”的习惯,石老师关心的是百年来美术的创作历程、研究方法和文人样貌。

陈师曾(衡恪)家学渊源,父亲是诗人陈三立,和史学家弟弟陈寅恪留学日本。《中国文人画之研究》收录了陈师曾的《文人画之价值》和他翻译的大村西崖《文人画之复兴》,是面对当时强调写实艺术的自我诠解。出身于台北万华祖师庙附近木匠家庭的黄土水,从小生活的宗教环境促使他擅长佛像雕刻,获得奖助金留学日本东京美术学校。《甘露水》之名,寓含“久旱逢甘露”,塑造蚌壳中自信仰首挺立的全裸东方女子,有波提切利(Sandro Botticelli,1445-1510)《维纳斯的诞生》意味。几乎与真人等高的雕刻,尽显肖似,正好和陈师曾力图重振文人画的地位立场相反。

石老师对比了陈师曾和黄土水,指出他们都是在西方的艺术话语中呈现。我注意到他们都是经由日本得知西方,从而反思自身;对话的一方,也是养分之来源。

如同波斯细密画猫与沈周作品若合符节,我们不难发现:沈周用率性的笔墨、简洁的线条,勾画出光线映照中舒适温暖的虎斑猫仿佛在和主人互动,具有生命气息。

沈周《写生册》画了16幅日常所见的花果、禽鸟、虾蟹、猫、驴,自题道:

戏笔此册,随物赋形,聊自适闲居饱食之兴。若以画求我,我则在丹青之外矣。

画家自主漫兴和装饰剪贴毕竟是两种表现,当我们尝试并置二者,推敲关系,便是拉近了美的距离。

有洁癖的倪瓒、陷入科考弊案的唐寅、明哲保身的文征明、疯癫狂放的徐渭、追寻人间桃花源的张大千……他们都是“文人”,而各有性格特色。

石老师说希望讲座结束以后,讲题的问号可以转成惊叹号。

可不是吗?我的困惑每每在研读老师的论著之后豁然开朗,惊叹连连。我看,文人style就是很 freestyle。


2025年5月24日,新加坡《联合早报》“上善若水”专栏







2024/12/30

我的母校台灣大學 My alma mater, National Taiwan University






回到母校臺灣大學逛逛

我在這裏12

文學院,傅鐘,醉月湖,早開的杜鵑花,體育館

我的青春歲月

2024/11/23

奔波秋台 Running Around in the Autumn Typhoon

 



中秋节过了,没想到还有台风。立冬都过了,西北太平洋海面竟然还有四个台风席卷。今年秋天的五个国际学术研讨会、三场讲座、一场录影访谈,就在台风中,奔波于北京,台北和香港。

先是1027日,从新加坡飞北京,参加北京故宫博物院主办的元代书画国际研讨会。隔天沉浸满目耀眼的秋叶金阳,漫步在西鼓楼大街,到中国社会科学出版社接受采访,谈我的书《AIGC文图学:人类3.0时代的生产力》。

听说台风即将扑往台湾,同参加研讨会的台湾学者问我要不要提前离开北京,以免行程受阻。我贪看故宫的展览,1031日临行前还流连角楼展厅。心想:如果真的飞不了台湾,大不了留在北京。台湾的三个研讨会,就线上参加。接着是在北京的世界古典学大会。

飞机会不会停飞呢?我看到航空公司的网站上,飞香港的航班取消;飞台湾的航班没有显示动态变化。那么,飞吧。

延迟一个多小时起飞,航程一路还算平稳,偶尔颠簸,也似乎只是气流波动。接近台湾,机身几回剧烈上下震荡。机长广播说:必须在空中盘旋,等待降落的时机。会不会无法降落,结果飞回北京呢?

大约盘旋了将近半个小时。机轮奋力触地弹起,而后急刹停妥,全部乘客热烈鼓掌!到了!到了!

起身准备下机,忽然地震似的,机身猛然摇摆!我扶着椅背,重新站稳,望向窗外,透过布满雨丝的机窗,朦胧中其他排列的飞机正在晃动。

向台湾师大须文蔚院长报平安,他仍在旅店等我共进晚餐。一片漆黑的高速公路,司机一言不发,阵阵狂风暴雨呼啸。他大概心里非常紧张吧?这样恶劣的天气,全台湾停班停课,他还要出门开车,实在为难。

倾倒折断的行道树,满地的残枝败叶。我没有耽误预定的三个研讨会,除了感谢侥幸,还有后怕。不敢说自己是冒着生命危险完成任务,我只能信赖机长,决定是否起飞?如何降落?如果到不了目的地,降落何处?这些专业的选择,真是重重的考验。

知道台湾之外,台风扑向香港,许多旅客滞留。我11月中旬赴香港,应该没事吧。

从台北飞回北京,相隔短短数日,气温已经骤降到摄氏十度以下,时序入冬,枝头枯叶零星。在豪华的商城北京SKP举行我的新书分享会,周围都是世界豪华精品。主办单位说我写的人工智能生成文本很时尚,和商城的法国风书店很对味。热心的读者听说我活动结束以后要前往怀柔雁栖湖会场,替我叫了出租车,大冷天夜里,如果不是刚好司机住在密云,恐怕没有人接单跑一趟。

回到温暖潮湿的新加坡,继续上课,几乎忘记了前几天的风雨严寒,飞香港前得知:又有台风!

不会吧?现在什么时候了?

8号风球,暂停我上午预定的会议。旅店的蓝色隔热防透视窗纸,让我看不出外头的天色,只有椰子树左右弯曲摇晃。电视新闻播报10点半以后改为3号风球,下午恢复正常工作。我晚上在都会大学的演讲不受影响。

果然,中午以后台风威力减弱,晚上满场的观众听我谈唐诗和新加坡亚洲文明博物馆黑石号沉船文物的互证,全情投注,仿佛回到了白居易的时空。

和友人闲聊时,都感到秋天的台风显示全球气候异常,台湾遭受60多年来最严重的10月风灾;香港史上最晚的118号风球。看了气象专家分析,原来今年9月到11月间台风虽然偏多,还没有足够的数据判定这是否就属特殊。

我还注意到:台湾媒体报道台风新闻,出动记者在风雨中播报“现在”的景况,动辄一惊一乍,情绪激扬,关心是否放假。香港记者虽然也播报“现在”的风势,更偏向“未来”的发展,灵活调度,关心何时返工。

2024年我在秋台中往来两岸三地和新加坡,别样的境遇和体会,天助人助,幸运感恩。

 

20241123,新加坡《联合早报》“上善若水”专栏

2024/11/10

我迷惘的沉默和喧嚣 I am confused by the silence and noise

 

1992年我的课程表


从事教职34年,那天第一次和全班70馀位同学沉默相对。

“需要我把整首作品仔细分析的同学请举手”,我说。

没有反应。

“或者各位觉得已经能够掌握了,不需要逐句解释。我来补充一些知识点?请举手。”

没有反应。

“所以现在是怎样?”我抬起左手腕,看了一下手表。

没有反应。

有的人低头滑着平板电脑;有的人敲击笔记本电脑的键盘。而我,我还没有开始讲课。

我说:“所以,你们现在是在记什么笔记呢?”

我环视全场,目光和部分同学接触。有的呆呆地望着我;有的低下头来。

被分配到这个可以容纳三百多人的礼堂作为教室,我心里便犯嘀咕,这么大的空间,比例相对少的观众,首先气场便很难聚合。

第一天上课,我告诉同学们只能坐前七排的座位,而且尽量集中在中间的区块,走道左右两边区块的位子或许会有视线角度的差异,影响大家观看大荧幕。同学们勉为其难地从阶梯的上坡缓缓走下来。坐在左右两侧翼的人还是不为所动。。

第二周,第三周,每次开讲之前都要提醒同学们往前面座位移动,浪费了不少时间。我语重心长地告诉大家:集中坐,聚精会神,才不容易分心,能达到有效的视听观感,增进记忆。对于讲者我,也比较好和大家沟通,掌握大家学习的情况。

我放弃了。自作多情。

同学们只想作壁上观。我每一次极力地想从互动反应中适当地调整和加强解说的内容,大部分虚耗力气。

怎么会这样?

竟然重生初次教书时的气馁沮丧。

那时被分派教工学院的必修课大一国文。120多个学生只有零星的几位女同学。站在讲台放眼望去,我是沉在谷底的牧羊人。即使拿着麦克风嘶吼,无法抵挡那些雄性喉咙发出嗡嗡的交谈声。像是行驶进午夜隧道的卡车,起初是嗡嗡声,而后逐渐变成轰轰然,隆隆然。

我颓败地放下麦克风,留下背后继续的隆隆声,走出教室。。

到走廊尽头的教师休息室,给自己倒杯水,喘口气。

一会儿,班长来了。向我道歉,请我回去继续讲课。

热烈的掌声欢迎我回到教室,我只提点了两个字“尊重”。

尊重自己是来求学的。尊重眼前的老师,是来完成对任务的承诺。

我没有生气,只是失望,深感力不从心。

没想到三十多年后,班长保留了我的课程进度表和期末考的试卷,带来新加坡给我,重温那时的心绪。

“那时还年轻,上课很任性。”他说。

在妻子和两个儿子面前,拿出了《衣若芬极短篇》,回味和我共度的文学时光。泛黄的书页上,有我的题字和签名。记得我最后一次上课,期勉大家:即使是工学院的学生,最好维持阅读文学作品的习惯,让自己的心灵长保滋润。

是的。“衣食是本,自有人类,就是每日在忙这个。可囿在其中,终于还不太像人。”我刻意选了阿城的《棋王》作为课程的最后一篇教材,无论将来从事什么工作,记得“人还要有点儿东西,才叫活着。”也许支撑和证明我们活过的,不是忙碌衣食,而是个人的“东西”。什么“东西”呢?需要我们去探求和践行。

我再看了一下手表,望向分散坐在礼堂角落的同学们,说:“自由民主表现在出于个人意志的发言和选择。我请大家表达自己的需求,是希望提供能够对症下药的服务。因为你们是人,活生生在我面前,我在乎你们的感受。”

下课后,有同学在学习周记中回应我:“谢谢衣老师还愿意骂我们,因为大学了,我们都成年了,老师们也不会自讨没趣训我们。”

喧嚣和沉默,我还在迷惘着,即使自讨没趣。

 

2024119,新加坡《联合早报》“上善若水”专栏

 

2024/10/12

瘂弦評論《衣若芬極短篇》:尋找新的地平綫 Book review of "I Lo-fen's Short Short Story" by Ya...




悼念瘂弦先生(1932-2024)

感謝為《衣若芬極短篇》作序,臺北爾雅出版社,1991年

瘂弦先生擔任台灣《聯合報》副刊主編期間推動極短篇小説寫作,促進大衆文學和新的小説類型。

#小説
#極短篇
#書評

#瘂弦

2024/09/14

昨夜微霜

 

我的笔记


教室外绵绵细雪一般的白流苏,曾经离我非常近。我坐在窗台,遥望前头乌鸦鸦的一片。方瑜老师的课总是这样,不早点来抢位子,只能极目远观。

这一天方瑜老师在黑板上写了一首诗:

白云家在南溟水,水逝云飞负此心。攀藕人归莲已落,载歌船去梦无寻。难回银汉垂天远,空泣鲛珠向海沉。香篆能消烛易尽,残灰冷泪怨何深。

方老师写的是“叶迦陵”,1984年,叶嘉莹老师还不能回台湾,在课堂上讲她的诗,不知道会不会有什么“风险”。这就是方瑜老师的性情,在诗歌的世界,只有坦率真诚。

在我读台湾大学中文系之前,已经读过系上三位老师的著作。裴溥言老师的《诗经评注读本》;林文月老师的《读中文系的人》,以及方瑜老师的《昨夜微霜》。通过文字,能够感受到裴老师治学的严谨;林老师笔端的温厚,以及方老师对人世的细微体察。

当时我幻想:读中文系就是为了当作家,读书有得,研究自己喜欢的作家作品。虽然在入学考试前选填志愿时,我不得不依照导师的叮咛,按照分数的高低填写大学和科系。那年因为有考题争议而送分,我可以进台湾师范大学历史系。由于对三位台大中文系老师作品的热爱,我决定不接受加分,顺利进入心目中的第一志愿。

“中文系不是为了培养作家的,要当作家要去外文系。”听到系主任这样的言辞,我非常惊讶。是的,白先勇、王文兴、陈若曦,都是出自台大外文系。可台大中文系也有优秀的作家呀!

就算我忤逆师长的耳提面命,怠惰学术研究吧。1989年,我出版了第一本小说集《踏花归去》。我请方瑜老师为我的书作序。方老师说刚好家里正在整修,忙得不可开交。

她问我:“你还会再写吧?”

我说:“不知道呢。要看出版社有没有兴趣。”

方老师说:“想写就写,能出版就出版。”

我问:“写了如果没能出版,怎么办?”

方老师谈到她的散文,说:“到我这个年龄,人家只想找我当文学奖的评审,你能写,要写。”

我提起系上老师对于文学创作不以为然。她叹了一口气,说:“那些人不会是你的读者,那些杂音,你要听进去吗?”

老师鼓励写作,但是不提倡写旧体诗。“诗选及习作”的课每学期只要求交一首诗。每年台湾的大学中文系有联合的古典诗词创作和吟唱比赛,方老师说:“写诗又不是打棒球!严格训练能写得出旧体诗,如果不是出自真实的情感,硬要装在旧瓶子里,会有什么味道?”

有趣的是,方老师从先秦到中外现代文学旁征博引解析古诗,也经常抄叶嘉莹、台静农等师长的诗作和我们共赏,她还分享过自己的作品,我的笔记里记了三首她的诗,比如:

晚红寂寞向谁开?瞑色寒烟伴雨来。俯首花前终不忍。秋风一夜冷苍苔。

方老师是台静农先生的高足,台先生因和鲁迅的关系,在台湾诸多压抑,如果不是方老师讲起,我们很难知晓“师祖”以书法缓解噤声之苦的愁闷,更惊讶台先生竟然写过白话小说!

知道我对研究诗画艺术感兴趣,方老师介绍我去拜访台静农先生。我如今创发和研究文图学,和台先生的一席话因缘相连。台先生问我写不写书法?写不写诗?我很惭愧,回答:“字写得不好,写的是新诗。”

他吸了一口烟,眯着眼睛说:“喜欢看,能创新,挺好!”

“人生实难,大道多歧”,听方老师转述台先生常谈的这两句话,她缩了缩头,颀长的身子里吐出中气十足的声音。写作者的种种困境都是人生的现实,在每一个分叉的路途,当下的抉择指向无法回转的远方。

而死亡是我们无从决定的终点,“朝闻游子唱离歌,昨夜微霜初渡河”。今年的处暑刚过,霜降还早,方瑜老师渡河而去。我翻出40年前的笔记,方老师的诗:“歌哭从来千古事,一灯浮海欲谁知”。

 

2024914,新加坡《联合早报》“上善若水”专栏