Text and Image Studies song

AI来了，作家怎么办？AI is Coming, What Should Writers Do?

 

4月2日，同一天签了两本书的合同。一本《AIGC文图学：人类3.0时代的生产力》，将在北京出版。一本《第一次遇见苏东坡》，将在上海出版。

两本书的写作目的和性质截然不同。《AIGC文图学》是8月新学期的新开课程参考书，用文图学的方法论和视角来谈人工智能生成内容（AI Generated Content）。包括如何使用人工智能助手，下指令自动生成文字、图像、音频和视频，对生成的文本进行评价。这些AI生成的文本，已经逐渐渗透进我们的日常生活，影响职业技能、伦理道德、产权法规、乃至国际秩序等等。

《第一次遇见苏东坡》是临时接的写作任务，不在今年的规划中。带着部分自传回忆，我把自己的人生历程，结合与苏东坡的十次相遇，受启发的体验及感悟，通过讲述经典的苏东坡作品，呈现每一次遇见苏东坡的新鲜。有时两本书在同一天各写一部分，于是我陷入既溢满“昨日重现”的情怀，苦辣酸甜，冷暖自知；又条理分明，严守逻辑推演的批判思维。

跳进游泳池，滑动双臂和双腿。长时间伏案写作，造成全身的酸疼，只有在水里稍稍可以缓解。我偶尔一直闭气，脑子里穿插蹦跃者纷乱的思绪，几乎像是忘了呼吸。等到本能地冲破窒息抬起头来，看见泳池周围的椰子树，才又深吸一口气，潜入水中。让自己像机器一样的工作着，但是疲惫和焦躁让我意识到，自己毕竟是个人。

如同去年在新加坡美术馆，看了展览“Proof of Personhood: Identity and Authenticity in the Face of Artificial Intelligence”（人格的证明：面对人工智能的身份和真实性），有观众在墙上贴了便条纸张说：“怎么证明我是人？我哭，我感到我的身体，我饿。”

怎么证明你是人类？现在很多网站要求我们通过辨识图像、拉动图块、计算数字，来证明自己是人。AI时代，我们越来越难以厘清真实和虚拟；是“人类大脑”还是“人工大脑”也越来越难以二分，也许以后AI更多介入人们，区别的问题会不会就变得无所谓了呢？

1956年，在达特茅斯会议（Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence）上，约翰·麦卡锡（John McCarthy, 1927-2011）首次提出了“Artificial Intelligence（AI，人工智能）”这个词，标志着AI作为一个独立研究领域的诞生。1980年代的专家系统和1990年代的深度学习机制推动了进展缓慢，几经停顿的AI研究。

2011年苹果手机推出语音助手Siri，可以语音回应用户的提问。2014年，开始有简单的聊天机器人协助文字输出。隔年《腾讯财经》便将AI使用于新闻报道。2016年，谷歌的AlphaGo战胜世界围棋冠军李世乭，你可能会想：训练AI下围棋对我有什么用？

同样在2016年，北京清华大学开发可以创作古典诗的机器人“薇薇”。2017年，人类历史上第一部由人工智能微软小冰生成的汉语白话诗集《阳光失了玻璃窗》出版。你可能会想：原以为人工智能是帮我们处理“动手”的事情，比如烧饭洗衣、打扫卫生。现在，我还是自己烧饭洗、打扫卫生，AI竟然“动脑”，吟风弄月，当起诗人来了。

2022年11月智能聊天机器人ChatGPT公诸于世，马上吸引了全球的关注。短短两个月，用户就达到一亿，打破在此之前，花了九个月达到一亿用户的TiK ToK。

AI来了，作家怎么办？读者又能怎么读？4月19日下午3点半，欢迎到南洋理工大学的地标建筑The Hive，听知名作家马家辉教授和我，一起来聊聊我们的经验和思考。

2024年4月13日,新加坡《联合早报》“上善若水”专栏

On April 2nd, I signed contracts for two books on the same day. One is titled “Text and Image Studies on AIGC: The Productivity in the Age of Humanity 3.0,” which will be published in Beijing. The other is “The First Encounter with Su Dongpo,” to be published in Shanghai.

The purposes and natures of these two books are distinctly different. ' Text and Image Studies on AIGC ' is a reference book for a new course beginning in the August semester, discussing Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC) from the perspective of text and image studies. It covers how to use AI assistants to automatically generate text, images, audio, and video, and how to evaluate the generated content. This AI-generated content has increasingly permeated our daily lives, affecting professional skills, ethics, property laws, and even international order.

'The First Encounter with Su Dongpo' was a writing task I took on temporarily, not planned for this year. Incorporating autobiographical memories, I narrate my life journey intertwined with ten encounters with Su Dongpo, the inspirations and insights gained, and the freshness of each encounter through his classic works. Sometimes, I work on both books in a single day, caught between a nostalgia-filled 'yesterday' and a critically logical mindset.

Diving into the swimming pool, moving my arms and legs, helps alleviate the soreness from long hours of writing. Occasionally, I hold my breath amidst the jumbled thoughts in my mind, almost forgetting to breathe until instinctively breaking the surface for air. Seeing the coconut trees around the pool, I take a deep breath and dive back in. Working mechanically, the fatigue and irritability remind me that I am, after all, human.

Like last year at the Singapore Art Museum during the 'Proof of Personhood: Identity and Authenticity in the Face of Artificial Intelligence' exhibit, a note on the wall read, 'How do I prove I'm human? I cry, I feel my body, I get hungry.'

How do you prove you're human? Nowadays, many websites ask us to identify images, move sliders, and calculate numbers to prove our humanity. In the AI era, distinguishing between reality and virtuality, and between 'human brain' and 'artificial brain' becomes increasingly challenging. Perhaps as AI further integrates into our lives, these distinctions will become irrelevant.

In 1956, at the Dartmouth Conference, John McCarthy first coined 'Artificial Intelligence,' marking the birth of AI as an independent field of study. The development of expert systems in the 1980s and deep learning mechanisms in the 1990s slowly advanced AI research, which had seen several halts.

In 2011, Apple introduced Siri, a voice assistant responsive to user queries. By 2014, simple chatbots began assisting with text output. The following year, 'Tencent Finance' started using AI in news reporting. In 2016, Google's AlphaGo defeated the world Go champion Lee Sedol. You might wonder, what use do I have for training an AI to play Go?

Also in 2016, Tsinghua University in Beijing developed a robot named 'Weiwei' capable of composing classical poetry. In 2017, the first Chinese vernacular poetry collection generated by Microsoft's AI 'Xiaoice(Xiaobing)' was published. You might think, I expected AI to handle manual tasks like cooking and cleaning. Now, AI is engaging in creative tasks, composing poetry and becoming a poet.

In November 2022, the intelligent chatbot ChatGPT was released, quickly drawing global attention. Within just two months, it reached 100 million users, surpassing the nine months it took TiK ToK to reach the same milestone.

AI is here, so what should writers do? How should readers engage? On April 19th at 3:30 PM, join me and the renowned writer Professor MA Ka Fai at The Hive, a landmark building at Nanyang Technological University, to discuss our experiences and thoughts.

 

April 13, 2024, 'Shang Shan Ruo Shui' （The highest goodness is like water）column, Lianhe Zaobao, Singapore."

 

柯玉芝女士的峇迪旗袍 Ms. Kwa Geok Choo s Batik Cheongsam

柯玉芝女士的峇迪旗袍。（衣若芬拍摄及后制）

在新加坡土生文化馆（Peranakan Museum)看到建国总理李光耀先生的夫人柯玉芝 （Kwa Geok Choo，1920-2010）女士穿过的峇迪旗袍。想起多年前也在这间博物馆看过柯玉芝女士担任大律师时戴过的假发。

Peranakan过去经常被翻译成“土生华人”、“海峡华人”，指华人与马来族通婚的后代，男性称为峇峇（Baba）,女性称为娘惹（Nyonya）。看了展示说明，知道Peranakan不只有华人。"Peranakan" 是马来语，始于15世纪，字根anak是孩子的意思，形容出生于某地但有其他血统和文化的人，比如还有爪哇Peranakan、阿拉伯Peranakan等等。

这件柯玉芝女士的峇迪旗袍挺眼熟，查了她的历史图像，得知她在晚年几次重要场合穿过，像是2004年的英国商会（British Chamber of Commerce）年会，是她2003年中风以后恢复健康第一次出席的公开活动。2010年她去世的新闻，几帧照片都可以见到她穿这件旗袍的留影。新加坡妇女组织理事会（Singapore Council of Women’s Organisations）网站上，她的照片也是穿着这件旗袍。

似乎，这件旗袍对于人们认识她，记忆她，怀念她，有着不可磨灭的意义。

我们对于柯玉芝的基本印象，就是：李光耀一生所爱，背后的坚强支柱，低调内敛的第一夫人。媒体报道她天才早慧，用功读书，曾经考试成绩超越李光耀。在培养新加坡社会精英的男校莱佛士书院（Raffles Institution），她由于表现优异，破格入学，成为唯一的女学生。后来她荣获英国女王奖学金，在剑桥大学主攻法律，成为第一位以一等荣誉学位毕业的东南亚女性，新加坡最早的女律师之一。

人们津津乐道的还有：她比李光耀大两岁，他们在剑桥大学读书期间自行决定结婚，学成归国以后才补办婚礼。柯玉芝也许说不上叛逆，但是绝对有思想主见和独立精神。她的高等学识和专业素养，使得她在新加坡独立建国期间贡献心力，尤其是和马来西亚签署新加坡用水的协议，遗泽后人，功不可没。她擅长处理房地产法律问题，为了规避公私利益冲突，她不在文件上签署自己的名字。

这样兼顾身为三个子女的母亲、国家政要的贤内助、以及个人的事业，很值得当代的女性知识分子学习。然而，她总是面带微笑跟在丈夫身旁，少言寡语。她偶尔接受访谈时说道：即使你没有做什么坏事，别人也可能说你的坏话。

严守分寸，理性沉稳。柯玉芝和新加坡其他政要夫人一样，经常在典礼仪式中穿旗袍。短发、眼镜、平跟鞋，她恰到好处展现自己的气场。从她的历年照片和国家博物馆的收藏，我注意到她的旗袍隐含着华人身份意识的变化。

旗袍在新加坡一般称为长衫。同样是立領、開右襟、下擺開衩的連身衣裙，有别于上海西式立体剪裁，长衫外形平实简约，1930年代开始流行于新加坡（参看我2021年6月19日在《联合早报》的文章）。早年，柯玉芝穿的旗袍大多是素色，有的缀饰重复的花草或几何线条纹样。大约1990年代起，她的旗袍融入了南洋的元素，那就是蜡染（峇迪，batik）艺术。

峇迪发展于17世纪的东南亚，带有鲜明的地域风情。用铜壶笔盛溶蜡液绘制图样，染布时，线条所经之处可以防止染色，达到凸显图样的效果。这件褐色峇迪旗袍遍布风铃草花，孔雀（一说凤凰）双双展翅，莲花盛开，枝蔓卷曲，旺盛的热带生命活力。

无袖峇迪旗袍搭配圆领西装外套，好一个中西加上南洋的三合一设计！减轻了纯华人性质，符合柯玉芝本人的海峡华人出身，以及有别于中国的新加坡主张。沿用罗兰·巴特(Roland Barthes)的服装符号学意义，我想，这件峇迪旗袍，是柯玉芝留给后人的政治语言。

2024年3月30日，新加坡《联合早报》“上善若水”专栏

At the Peranakan Museum in Singapore, I saw the batik cheongsam worn by Mrs. Kwa Geok Choo (1920-2010), the wife of Singapore's founding Prime Minister, Lee Kuan Yew. It reminded me of the time, years ago, when I also saw the wig she wore as a barrister at this museum.
 
"Peranakan" was often translated as "Straits-born Chinese," referring to the descendants of Chinese and Malay intermarriages. The males are called Baba, and the females Nyonya. The exhibition explained that "Peranakan" is not limited to Chinese; it's a Malay term that originated in the 15th century. The root "anak" means child, describing people born in a place but with different ancestry and culture, such as Javanese Peranakan and Arab Peranakan.
 
This batik cheongsam of Mrs. Kwa Geok Choo looked familiar. Researching her historical images, I learned that she wore it on several important occasions in her later years, such as the 2004 British Chamber of Commerce annual meeting, which was her first public appearance after recovering from a stroke in 2003. In the news of her passing in 2010, she was also seen wearing this cheongsam in several photos. Her picture on the Singapore Council of Women’s Organisations website also features her in this cheongsam.
 
It seems that this cheongsam has an indelible significance in recognizing, remembering, and mourning her.
 
Our basic impression of Kwa Geok Choo is that of Lee Kuan Yew's lifelong love, the strong support behind him, and the low-profile first lady. Media reports described her as a precocious genius who studied hard and outperformed Lee Kuan Yew in exams. At Raffles Institution, a boys' school for nurturing Singapore's social elites, she was admitted as the only female student due to her exceptional performance. Later, she won the Queen's Scholarship to study law at Cambridge University, becoming the first Southeast Asian woman to graduate with first-class honors and one of Singapore's earliest female lawyers.
 
People also talk about how she was two years older than Lee Kuan Yew, and they decided to get married on their own while studying at Cambridge University, only holding a wedding ceremony after returning home. Kwa Geok Choo might not be rebellious, but she definitely had her own opinions and independence. Her higher education and professional competence allowed her to contribute to Singapore's independence, especially in signing the agreement for Singapore's water use with Malaysia, leaving a legacy for future generations. She specialized in real estate law and avoided conflicts of interest by not signing her name on documents.
 
Balancing her roles as a mother of three children, a supportive partner to a national leader, and a professional in her own right is something contemporary female intellectuals can learn from. Yet, she always smiled and stayed quietly by her husband's side. In rare interviews, she said, "Even if you haven't done anything wrong, people might still speak ill of you."
 
Measured, rational, and composed. Like other political wives in Singapore, Kwa Geok Choo often wore cheongsams at ceremonial events. With short hair, glasses, and flat shoes, she perfectly showcased her presence. From her historical photos and the National Museum's collection, I noticed that her cheongsams reflected the changing identity consciousness of the Chinese.
 
In Singapore, the cheongsam is generally called a "long dress." Similar to the Shanghai-style with a stand-up collar, right opening, and slits, the long dress is plain and simple, becoming popular in Singapore since the 1930s (see my article in Lianhe Zaobao on June 19, 2021). In her early years, Kwa Geok Choo's cheongsams were mostly solid-colored, some adorned with repeated floral or geometric patterns. From around the 1990s, her cheongsams incorporated elements of Nanyang, namely batik art.
 
Batik, developed in 17th-century Southeast Asia, has distinct regional characteristics. Drawing patterns with molten wax in a copper pen prevents the lines from being dyed, highlighting the design. This brown batik cheongsam is covered with wind chimes, peacocks (or phoenixes) spreading their wings, blooming lotuses, and curling vines, showcasing the vibrant tropical life.
 
The sleeveless batik cheongsam paired with a round-necked suit jacket is a perfect blend of Chinese, Western, and Nanyang styles! It reduces the pure Chinese nature, fitting Kwa Geok Choo's Straits Chinese background and Singapore's distinct stance from China. Using Roland Barthes' semiotics of fashion, I believe this batik cheongsam is the political language Kwa Geok Choo left for posterity.
 
March 30, 2024, Lianhe Zaobao "Shang Shan Ruo Shui" （The highest goodness is like water）Column, Singapore.

黃梨与松果 Pineapple and Pinecone

《无染原罪圣母像》（Virgin of the Immaculate Conception）衣若芬摄影

 

2024年3月1日文图学会主办了今年第一场实体活动,我导览新加坡亚洲文明博物馆的“马尼拉大帆船”(Manila Galleon: From Asian to Americas)特展。

去年12月开展时便前往参观，刚好台北故宫博物院也有类似主题的特展“无界之涯—從海出發探索十六世紀東西文化交流”，两处探讨的都是15世纪到17世纪大航海时代的物质文化及其影响，台北故宫有台南出土的安平壶、基隆和平岛考古出土十字架、《番社采风图》等，显示台湾在那段人类文明交会时期的部分历史遗迹。亚洲文明博物馆则聚焦于1565年至1815年，航行于菲律宾马尼拉与墨西哥阿卡普尔科（Acapulco）之间，西班牙船队从事的商业贸易、宗教传播和殖民情形—这些是“他们”的故事，与新加坡有什么关系？。

为了准备导览，我再去看了几次展览，很想从策展的外部视角，找到其中和新加坡有关的内容，观察了两个月，我发现西班牙银元real和本地方言“镭” 的联系；以及展品中好几件有黄梨的图像，包括天主教圣像木刻、黄梨造型的牙签架，还有黄梨纤维制成的菲律宾传统服装，男装Barong Tagalog ，女装Terno。于是一头钻进研究黄梨，梳理了新加坡的黄梨种植、加工和产销的黄金岁月，也才明白为什么义顺有黄梨雕塑、鸦片山岗战役纪念馆前面有满载黄梨的手推车雕塑。

导览的寻宝游戏，是找出展品中最常看到的水果，大家听完导览，很容易就猜到了，是黄梨！我送出了一盒黄梨塔，完满结束。

《旺来》这篇谈黄梨意象的专栏文章刊出当天，几位朋友告诉我学到了有意思的知识。我仍然有疑惑，《无染原罪圣母像》（Virgin of the Immaculate Conception）和《圣奥古斯丁像》（Saint Augustine）木雕都点缀着黄梨，只是世俗的祈求兴旺吗？

在《无染原罪圣母像》的右边那颗椭圆形的黄梨下面有个底托，让我想到梵蒂冈的大松果铜雕，咦~~原来那颗“黄梨”的头部，是上方象征圣母纯洁的百合花的叶子呀！那不是黄梨，是松果！

黄梨的英文名字是Pineapple，apple起初是水果的统称，后来才专指苹果。Pineapple是长得像松果的水果，古文明和宗教文物常见松果造型和图像，梵蒂冈的松果铜雕就是公元1到2世纪古罗马时期Publius Cincius Salvius铸造的公共艺术，本来是喷泉的一部分。将松果和喷泉组合，有生生不息的涵义，因为松树被认为是长寿和不朽的象征，松果是松树的果穗，松果成熟后，里面有松树的种子，也就是松子。

从植物的结构特性认为松果象征生命循环，似乎说得通，但也缺乏解释力。我们可以反问：是否所有的植物果实、种子都可以用来涵括生命的繁衍？同样有包裹种子的硬壳，比如榴莲，艺文作品会把榴莲作为永恒的意象吗？

显然，意象的形成还需要更多历史文化的因素沉淀酝酿。松果的造型和图像也见于苏美尔人的生命之树、古埃及和希腊神神明，乃至于梵蒂冈教皇的权杖上，这应该不是偶然的巧合，而是松果的意象连结了超物质的想法。这种超物质的想法，一般认为和松果体（Pineal gland）有关。

希腊医学家Galen (129-216)发现了松果体，是大脑中的一个小型内分泌腺体，位于大脑的两个半球之间，靠近脑的中央部位，外观像松果。由于它的感光能力，被形容为“第三只眼”，后来的研究者比如笛卡尔(René Descartes, 1596-1650)，注意松果体在调节精神的作用，强化了它和灵魂觉醒的关系。1958年，科学家得知它主要负责分泌褪黑激素（Melatonin），主导睡眠稳定。

再看看那尊圣母像的松果，圣母的灵性智慧，不知道能不能保佑受失眠困扰的人，每天睡个好觉？

 

2024年3月16日,新加坡《联合早报》“上善若水”专栏

爲什麽文圖學和AI有關? Why are Text and Image Studies related to AI?